In her expert opinion, Professor Elizabeth Cauffman concluded that the educational materials used in Azerbaijani schools foster intergroup biases, leading to hostility and aggression against Armenians. “The materials I reviewed mirror the conditions of research studies that may encourage such biases,” she stated.
For instance, statements in these materials impose an “us versus them” narrative, fostering protective instincts for the in-group (Azerbaijanis) at the expense of the out-group (Armenians). This narrative may lead students educated with such materials to become more protective of those who share their identity. One example from a Grade 9 history textbook reads, “The Armenians skillfully used the Azerbaijanis’ trustfulness, ingenuousness, and kind-heartedness” (History, Grade 9, p. 132).